Sonographic Assessment of the Extent of Extrathyroidal Extension in Thyroid Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the sonographic features suggestive of extrathyroidal extension (ETE) of thyroid cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the sonographic images of 1656 consecutive patients who had undergone thyroidectomy in 2017. The diagnostic performance of sonographic features suggestive of ETE was evaluated using operation and histopathologic reports. Sonographic features for gross ETE to the strap muscle and minor ETE were assessed for thyroid cancer abutting the anterolateral thyroid capsule. Sonographic features for tracheal invasion were assessed according to whether the angle between the tumor and the trachea was an acute, right, or obtuse angle. Sonographic features for recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) invasion were assessed based on the association between the tumor and tracheoesophageal groove (TEG) as preserved normal tissue, abutting or protruding into the TEG. RESULTS: ETE was observed in 783 patients (47.3%), including 123 patients with gross ETE (7.4% [strap muscle, n = 97; RLN, n = 24; and trachea, n = 14]) and 660 patients with minor ETE (39.9%). Regarding the diagnosis of gross and minor ETE to the strap muscle, sonographic features of replacement of the strap muscle and capsular disruption showed the highest positive predictive value (75.9% and 58.5%, respectively). Thyroid cancer forming an obtuse angle with the trachea had the highest sensitivity for the diagnosis of tracheal invasion (85.7%), and thyroid cancer protrusion into the TEG showed the highest sensitivity for the diagnosis of RLN (83.3%). CONCLUSION: Sonography is considered beneficial in the diagnosis of ETE to the strap muscle, trachea, and RLN. Assessment of ETE is important for the accurate staging of thyroid cancer, which in turn determines the extent of surgery or whether active surveillance is appropriate or not.

Tumor length-to-height ratio as a predictor of recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node metastasis in patients with thoracic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The metastasis of laryngeal nerve lymph node is mostly found in the upper-and middle esophageal cancer, the ratio of esophageal length from the upper incisors to the position where the esophageal tumor began to appear as proven via endoscopy to the height (LH) is likely to affect the possibility of detection of recurrent laryngeal nerve(RLN) lymph node (LN) metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of LH for RLN LN metastasis. METHODS: One hundred and eighty-eight patients (mean age: 64.89 years; range: 46-84 years) calculated LH before esophagectomy and LN dissection were retrospective analyzed. The clinicopathological data of the patients, LH calculations were compared with the RLN LN histopathologic results to investigate the effect of LH on the diagnosis of RLN LN metastasis. RESULTS: The LH correlated with that of the RLN LN metastasis in receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis. Our ROC analyses demonstrated the optimal cut-off value was 16.66 for LH with an area under the curve value of 0.69. Compared with the Height (H) and L, ROC curve for LH have better performance in predicting the RLN LN metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: LH is a useful predictive tool in the evaluation of RLN LN metastasis for esophageal cancer. The present findings support the result that LH can be an indicator of RLN LN dissection.

Clinical and sonographic features for the preoperative prediction of lymph nodes posterior to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical and sonographic features predictive of lymph nodes posterior to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve (LN-prRLN) metastasis in patients diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records and ultrasound (US) images of 479 consecutive PTC patients who received total thyroidectomy or right lobectomy with central neck dissection (CND) between October 2017 and October 2019. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify clinical and sonographic features associated with LN-prRLN metastasis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to evaluate the efficacy of clinical and sonographic features in the preoperative prediction of LN-prRLN metastasis. RESULTS: Overall, 127 (26.5%) patients had LN-prRLN metastasis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age < 45 years (p = 0.005; OR 2.155; 95% CI 1.262-3.683), male sex (p = 0.043; OR 1.657; 95% CI 1.016-2.704), tumor diameter > 1 cm (p = 0.042; OR 1.702; 95% CI 1.019-2.842), microcalcifications (p = 0.022; OR 1.980; 95% CI 1.104-3.551), and US-detected lateral compartment lymph node (LLN) metastasis (p = 0.001; OR 2.578; 95% CI 1.500-4.430) were independent risk factors for LN-prRLN metastasis. ROC analysis revealed that the multivariate logistic regression model had good accuracy in predicting LN-prRLN metastasis, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.758. CONCLUSIONS: Age less than 45 years, male sex, tumor diameter larger than 1 cm, microcalcifications, and US-detected LLN metastasis may preoperatively predict LN-prRLN metastasis.

Intracranial Pure Germinoma With Optic Nerve Infiltration.

A 19-year-old man presented with a 3-year history of episodic headaches, right hemiparesis, and progressive vision loss in both eyes. Initially, extensive laboratory testing was unrevealing. MRI later demonstrated progressive enlargement and enhancement of the left optic nerve poorly correlated with the timing of his clinical manifestations. There was no clinical or radiological response to treatment with corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil, or rituximab administered empirically for possible inflammatory processes. Later in the disease course, he developed diabetes insipidus (DI), worsening vision to light perception bilaterally, severe cognitive decline, and spastic quadriparesis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) beta human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-hCG) was elevated. Eventually, a left optic nerve biopsy was performed, which was consistent with an intracranial pure germinoma with infiltration of the optic nerve and disseminated leptomeningeal disease. Although rare, intracranial germ cell tumors can primarily involve the anterior visual pathways and should be considered in the setting of DI and elevated CSF ß-hCG.

Trigeminal Ganglion Metastasis of Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma: Cases Report and Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: The trigeminal ganglion is an atypical site for metastasis, especially for renal clear cell carcinoma. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report 2 clinical cases of a 66-year-old man and a 58-year-old man with trigeminal symptoms. Both patients had a history of renal clear cell (RCC) that was considered to be cured at 6 and 9 years, respectively. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a trigeminal ganglion lesion with increased gadolinium enhancement associated with petrous apex erosion. The main diagnostic hypothesis based on MRI was trigeminal schwannoma for both patients. One patient underwent subtotal removal, the other a biopsy. Histologic examinations resulted in the diagnosis of RCC metastasis. Body computed tomography revealed pancreatic metastasis for both but no renal recurrence. The patients were treated by local radiotherapy, and 1 of the patients had associated chemotherapy. We added to these clinical cases a literature review of skull base metastasis of RCC. Trigeminal ganglion metastasis of RCC is very rare and can persist until 10 years after the first RCC diagnosis. It seems that the best treatment is surgical removal. To date, the role of local radiotherapy is not demonstrated, and the prognosis seems to be poor. CONCLUSIONS: In the case of trigeminal symptoms, rapid tumoral growth on brain MRI, or a history of RCC, we think that a body computed tomography should be performed, and surgery should be considered.

Slowly progressive facial paralysis: Intraneural squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary.

BACKGROUND: In this report, we present a unique case of intraneural squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary found within the facial nerve and the proposed algorithms for diagnosis and management of progressive idiopathic facial paralysis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 66-year-old female with a previous history of basal cell carcinoma presented with right-sided progressive facial paralysis. Repeated magnetic resonance imaging as well as targeted workup failed to reveal a diagnosis. 20 months following symptom onset, after the patient's facial function slowly progressed to a complete paralysis, repeat magnetic resonance imaging revealed enhancement at the stylomastoid foramen. The patient underwent superficial parotidectomy, transmastoid facial nerve decompression and resection of descending and proximal extratemporal facial nerve segments, as well as great auricular nerve interposition grafting. Intraoperatively, frozen sections from the surface of the facial nerve, and the proximal and distal segments of the facial nerve following resection, were negative for malignancy. The final pathology revealed infiltrating poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of the facial nerve with negative margins. CONCLUSION: In cases of slowly progressive facial paralysis the clinician needs to consider malignancy until proven otherwise. Without an identifiable primary malignancy, early algorithmic assessment of presenting characteristics may facilitate expedited clinical decision making and surgical management of malignancy involving the facial nerve. In cases of slowly progressive facial paralysis, when the time comes for surgical exploration and biopsy, head and neck surgeons must be aware that malignancy can exist entirely within the facial nerve, without pathologic changes on the surface of the nerve or in the surrounding tissue.

Metastatic Salivary Ductal Carcinoma to the Mastoid Segment of the Facial Nerve.

OBJECTIVE: To describe salivary ductal carcinoma (SDC) presenting as an isolated lesion of the mastoid segment of the facial nerve PATIENTS:: A 70-year-old man presenting with weakness of his right lower lip that progressed to complete facial paralysis over a span of 2 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical case records, immunohistochemical analyses, and radiological analyses including magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography-computed tomography. RESULTS: Nodular enhancement along the mastoid segment of the facial nerve was identified without any mass within the parotid on magnetic resonance imaging or regional/distant disease on positron emission tomography-computed tomography. Pathologic analysis of tissue obtained from a right parotidectomy, neck dissection, and transmastoid resection of the vertical segment of the facial nerve revealed a benign parotid gland with malignant glands identified intra- and perineurally within the central aspect of the gland. CONCLUSIONS: SDC is one of the most aggressive salivary malignancies and typically presents as a rapidly enlarging mass in the involved gland. Although SDC's clinical course is characterized by early metastasis, isolated neural invasion has not been reported in the absence of an identifiable primary tumor within the gland of origin. The present case illustrates the clinical history and treatment of the first case of a SDC presenting as an isolated facial nerve lesion from perineural spread.

[Occipital condyle syndrome as the first symptom of a metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Two case reports]. / Sindrome del condilo occipital como primera manifestacion de un carcinoma hepatocelular metastasico. Presentacion de dos casos.

INTRODUCTION: Occipital condyle syndrome consists of the presence of unilateral occipital headache exacerbated by moving the head and is accompanied by paralysis of the ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve. One of its causes is infiltration of the base of the skull by bone metastases, especially those affecting the hypoglossal nerve due to infiltration as it passes through the osseous canal. CASE REPORTS: We report two clinical cases of occipital condyle syndrome secondary to metastatic hepatocarcinoma. The first is that of a 52-year-old male with liver cirrhosis secondary to liver pathology caused by hepatitis C virus with occipital condyle syndrome as the presenting symptom in disseminated hepatocarcinoma. The second case is that of a 56-year-old male after recurrence of hepatocarcinoma following a liver transplant, despite not fulfilling the Milan criteria. CONCLUSION: Occipital condyle syndrome is an alarm symptom and requires a thorough study by means of imaging tests, since it may be the first symptom of an undetected hepatocarcinoma.

TITLE: Sindrome del condilo occipital como primera manifestacion de un carcinoma hepatocelular metastasico. Presentacion de dos casos.Introduccion. El sindrome del condilo occipital consiste en la presencia de cefalea occipital unilateral que empeora con los movimientos cefalicos y se acompaña de paralisis del XII par ipsilateral. La infiltracion de la base del craneo por metastasis oseas se encuentra entre sus etiologias, especialmente las que afectan por infiltracion al nervio hipogloso en su paso a traves del canal oseo. Casos clinicos. Se presentan dos casos clinicos de sindrome del condilo occipital secundario a un hepatocarcinoma metastasico. El primero, un varon de 52 años con cirrosis hepatica secundaria a hepatopatia por virus de la hepatitis C, con sindrome del condilo occipital como sintoma inicial en un hepatocarcinoma diseminado; y el segundo, un varon de 56 años, tras recidiva de un hepatocarcinoma despues de un trasplante hepatico, a pesar de no cumplir los criterios de Milan. Conclusion. El sindrome del condilo occipital es un sintoma de alarma y requiere realizar un estudio completo mediante pruebas de imagen, puesto que puede ser la primera manifestacion de un hepatocarcinoma oculto.

[Evaluation of central lymph node dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma in cN0 T1/T2].

Objective: To evaluate the application of the central lymph node dissection (CLND) for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in cN0 T1/T2. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 532 cases with PTC in cN0 T1/T2 who underwent CLND between October 2014 and September 2016 in the Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of the Kunming Medical University. The incidence of central lymph node (CLN) metastasis and risk factors were analyzed. Results: CLN metastasis rates: 41.2% (42/102) in males vs 34.9% (150/430) in females, P=0.252; 33.9% (116/342) in single focal carcinoma vs 40.4% (74/183) in multifocal carcinoma, P=0.157; 44.0% (125/284) in patients with 45 years old or less vs 27.0% (67/248) in patients more than 45 years old, P=0.000; 30.3% (113/373) in microcarcinoma vs 50.9% (81/159) in non-microcarcinoma, P=0.000.In unilateral lesions, ipsilateral CLN metastasis was correlated with the tumor diameter (P=0.012), but not with the number of lesions (P=0.653). also contralateral CLN metastasis was correlated with the tumor diameter (P=0.000), but not with the number of lesions (P=0.815). For the left or right unilateral single focal lesion, the tumor diameter was not correlated with the metastasis of the posterior to right recurrent laryngeal nerve central lymph nodes (LN-prRLN-CLN) (P=0.652, P=0.088). But in bilateral multifocal carcinoma the tumor diameter was correlated with metastasis of LN-prRLN-CLN (P=0.039). Conclusions: Prophylactic CLND is reasonable for PTC in cN0 T1/T2. A bilateral CLND should be conducted for patients with bilateral multi-focus cancer and unilateral or bilateral non-microcarcinoma, especially in patients more than 45 years old. For unilateral single focal microcarcinoma on the right, the content of CLND should be from laryngeal nerve on right center to posterior branche; for unilateral single focal microcarcinoma on the left side, the left CLND should be conducted. An ipsilateral CLND can be considered in patients with unilateral multifocal microcarcinoma, and generally a routine dissection of the LN-prRLN-CLN is not required, however for bilateral non-microcarcinoma and the the non-microcarcinoma on the right side, the LN-prRLN-CLN dissection should be conducted.

Clinical perineural invasion of the trigeminal and facial nerves in cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Outcomes and prognostic implications of multimodality and salvage treatment.

BACKGROUND: Clinical perineural invasion (PNI) of the trigeminal and facial nerves from cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (cutaneous HNSCC) is a rare clinical entity that poses unique therapeutic challenges. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of a skull base oncology database was performed of patients with the diagnosis of clinical PNI from a cutaneous HNSCC. Patients who were previously untreated underwent multimodal treatment entailing surgical resection and postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) and patients who were previously treated with radiotherapy underwent salvage surgical resection between the years 2006 and 2012. Survival outcomes, such as disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), were analyzed and correlated with surgical factors, such as margin status, previous treatment, zone involvement, and trigeminal involvement (branch-specific), as well as the pretreatment and posttreatment pain scores. RESULTS: Of 21 patients with clinical PNI from cutaneous HNSCC, 7 patients (33%) were previously treated for their disease with primary radiotherapy. Negative tumor margins were achieved in 18 patients (86%). Three of the 7 patients (43%) undergoing salvage surgery had positive margins. One-year and 3-year DFS for previously untreated patients was 91% and 67%, respectively, whereas 1-year and 3-year DFS was 72% and 28%, respectively, for the previously treated patients. Previous radiotherapy, ophthalmic nerve involvement, and positive margins portended poorer survival outcomes in this study. CONCLUSION: The retrospective study of this rare clinical entity demonstrates that multimodal treatment can achieve favorable survival outcomes. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 1280-1286, 2017.

Image findings of cranial nerve pathology on [18F]-2- deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography with computerized tomography (PET/CT): a pictorial essay.

This article aims to increase awareness about the utility of (18)F -FDG-PET/CT in the evaluation of cranial nerve (CN) pathology. We discuss the clinical implication of detecting perineural tumor spread, emphasize the primary and secondary (18)F -FDG-PET/CT findings of CN pathology, and illustrate the individual (18)F -FDG-PET/CT CN anatomy and pathology of 11 of the 12 CNs.

Solitary Metastasis to the Facial/Vestibulocochlear Nerve Complex: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Distant metastasis of mucinous adenocarcinoma from the gastrointestinal tract, ovaries, pancreas, lungs, breast, or urogenital system is a well-described entity. Mucinous adenocarcinomas from different primary sites are histologically identical with gland cells producing a copious amount of mucin. This report describes a very rare solitary metastasis of a mucinous adenocarcinoma of unknown origin to the facial/vestibulocochlear nerve complex in the cerebellopontine angle. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 71-year-old woman presented with several month history of progressive neurological decline and a negative extensive workup performed elsewhere. She presented to our institution with complete left facial weakness, left-sided deafness, gait unsteadiness, headache and anorexia. A repeat magnetic resonance imaging scan of the head revealed a cystic, enhancing abnormality involving the left cerebellopontine angle and internal auditory canal. A left retrosigmoid craniotomy was performed and the lesion was completely resected. The final pathology was a mucinous adenocarcinoma of indeterminate origin. Postoperatively, the patient continued with her preoperative deficits and subsequently died of her systemic disease 6 weeks after discharge. CONCLUSIONS: The facial/vestibulocochlear nerve complex is an unusual location for metastatic disease in the central nervous system. Clinicians should consider metastatic tumor as the possible etiology of an unusual appearing mass in this location causing profound neurological deficits. The prognosis after metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma to the cranial nerves in the cerebellopontine angle may be poor.

Metastatic breast carcinoma of the jugular foramen: a rare case of Villaret syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The differential diagnosis of skull base masses is diverse and includes benign and malignant neoplasms, vascular anomalies, congenital lesions, as well as infectious and inflammatory processes. Metastatic masses of the skull base are a rare manifestation of systemic malignancies. Breast cancer is the most common cause of skull base metastases. Villaret syndrome refers to cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII and sympathetic chain neuropathies. It is a clinical subtype of jugular foramen syndromes. METHODS AND RESULTS: A 62-year-old woman with a history of breast carcinoma presented with hoarseness dating to shortly after her mastectomy years earlier. CT angiography showed enhancing tissue just outside the right jugular foramen, and biopsy confirmed metastatic adenocarcinoma consistent with breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Villaret syndrome caused by breast cancer metastases has not been previously described. We present a case of Villaret syndrome caused by metastasis of invasive breast adenocarcinoma and a review of the literature of metastases of breast cancer to the skull base.

Perineural spread in head and neck tumors.

Perineural spread is the dissemination of some types of head and neck tumors along nervous structures. Perineural spread has negative repercussions on treatment because it requires more extensive resection and larger fields of irradiation. Moreover, perineural spread is associated with increased local recurrence, and it is considered an independent indicator of poor prognosis in the TNM classification for tumor staging. However, perineural spread often goes undetected on imaging studies. In this update, we review the concept of perineural spread, its pathogenesis, and the main pathways and connections among the facial nerves, which are essential to understand this process. Furthermore, we discuss the appropriate techniques for imaging studies, and we describe and illustrate the typical imaging signs that help identify perineural spread on CT and MRI. Finally, we discuss the differential diagnosis with other entities.

Prognostic value of magnetic resonance imaging-detected cranial nerve invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: We previously reported that magnetic resonance imaging evidence of cranial nerve invasion was an unfavourable prognostic factor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, the prognostic value of this evidence in nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy remains unknown. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 749 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients who underwent intensity-modulated radiotherapy. RESULTS: Cranial nerve invasion was observed in 299 (39.9%) patients with T3-4 disease. In T3-4 nasopharyngeal carcinoma, magnetic resonance imaging-detected cranial nerve invasion was associated with inferior 5-year overall survival, distant metastasis-free survival, and locoregional relapse-free survival (P=0.002, 0.003, and 0.012, respectively). Multivariate analyses confirmed that cranial nerve invasion was an independent prognostic factor for distant metastasis-free survival (hazard ratio, 1.927; P=0.019) and locoregional relapse-free survival (hazard ratio, 2.605; P=0.032). Furthermore, the receiver-operating characteristic curves verified that the predictive validity of T classifications was significantly improved when combined with magnetic resonance imaging-detected cranial nerve invasion in terms of death, distant metastasis, and locoregional recurrence (P=0.015, 0.021 and 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Magnetic resonance imaging-detected cranial nerve invasion is an independent adverse prognostic factor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy.